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Akathisia (IPA: /æ.kə.ˈθɪ.si.ə/) is a movement disorder [5] ... Medication related causes of akathisia Category Examples Antipsychotics [19]
Since it is difficult to measure extrapyramidal symptoms, rating scales are commonly used to assess the severity of movement disorders. The Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) are rating scales frequently used for such assessment and are not weighted for diagnostic purposes ...
Intramuscular midazolam, lorazepam, or another benzodiazepine can be used both to sedate agitated patients and to control semi-involuntary muscle movements in cases of suspected akathisia. Droperidol , haloperidol , or other typical antipsychotics can decrease the duration of agitation caused by acute psychosis , but should be avoided if the ...
Other dopamine antagonists and antiemetics can cause tardive dyskinesia, such as metoclopramide and promethazine, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Atypical antipsychotics are considered lower-risk for causing TD than their typical counterparts, with incidence rates of 13.1% and 32.4% respectively in short-term trials primarily ...
Recognized associations of akathisia include Parkinson's disease and neuroleptic medication (acute or tardive side effect), suggesting that dopamine depletion may contribute to the pathophysiology; dopamine depleting agents {e.g., tetrabenazine, reserpine) may cause akathisia. References Sachdev P. Akinasthia and restless legs.
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The causes of persisting symptoms are a combination of pharmacological factors such as persisting drug induced receptor changes, psychological factors both caused by the drug and separate from the drug and possibly in some cases, particularly high dose users, structural brain damage or structural neuronal damage.
Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. [1] ...