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It is the international standard empirical model for the terrestrial ionosphere since 1999. For a specified geographic location, time, and date, IRI provides average monthly values for electron density, electron temperature and ion temperature, and the molecular composition of the ions in the range of altitudes from 50 km to 2000 km. [ 1 ] The ...
An ionospheric model is a mathematical description of the ionosphere as a function of location, altitude, day of year, phase of the sunspot cycle and geomagnetic activity. Geophysically, the state of the ionospheric plasma may be described by four parameters: electron density, electron and ion temperature and, since several species of ions are ...
Weather reconnaissance aircraft, such as this WP-3D Orion, provide data that is then used in numerical weather forecasts.. The atmosphere is a fluid.As such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future.
Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) is a program designed to provide advances in meteorology, ionospheric research, climatology, and space weather by using GPS satellites in conjunction with low Earth orbiting (LEO) satellites.
Whereas most climate models simulate a region of the Earth's atmosphere from the surface to the stratopause, [citation needed] there also exist numerical models which simulate the wind, temperature and composition of the Earth's tenuous upper atmosphere, from the mesosphere to the exosphere, including the ionosphere.
Because it is difficult to measure the TEC along the line of sight, instead a prediction can be made using a simplified model of the ionosphere. This model assumes that the ionosphere is a thin, uniform-density shell about the Earth, located near the mean altitude H of maximum TEC (approx. 350 km). Using geometry, a slant intersection with this ...
Hurricane Helene forecasts were similarly precise: The National Weather Service warned long before that storm reached shore that “record flooding” in North Carolina, some 400 miles from the ...
An example of a two-day weather forecast in the visual style that an American newspaper might use. Temperatures are given in Fahrenheit. Most end users of forecasts are members of the general public. Thunderstorms can create strong winds and dangerous lightning strikes that can lead to deaths, power outages, [85] and widespread hail damage.
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