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Burchardt, Lothar. "The Impact of the War Economy on the Civilian Population of Germany during the First and the Second World Wars," in The German Military in the Age of Total War, edited by Wilhelm Deist, 40–70. Leamington Spa: Berg, 1985. Chickering, Roger. Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 (1998), wide-ranging survey; Daniel ...
Due to geographical closeness, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy came together as the Triple Alliance and later became the Central powers due to their central positioning in Europe. [ citation needed ] France and Britain became allies along with Russia in order to defend their borders and support each other in case of war.
Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy (1938) online; 862pp; written for advanced students. Cecil, Lamar Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 (1996), a scholarly biography; Clark, Christopher. The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (2013) excerpt. Sleepwalkers lecture by Clark. online
Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km 2 (239,977 sq mi), [80] and the third-most populous (after Russia and the German Empire). In comparison with Germany and Britain, the Austro-Hungarian economy lagged behind considerably, as sustained modernization had begun much later ...
Political divisions of Europe in 1919 after the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Versailles and before the treaties of Trianon, Kars, Riga and the creation of the Soviet Union, Irish Free State and Turkish Republic. A far-left and often explicitly communist revolutionary wave occurred in several European countries in 1917–1920, notably in ...
Before World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the Great War or simply the World War. [1] In August 1914, the magazine The Independent wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". [2] In October 1914, the Canadian magazine Maclean's similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War."
According to Slavieck, the "traditional interpretation of the treaty's impact on Germany" was that it "plunged the nation into an economic free fall". [154] This view was shared by the German people, who believed the treaty was robbing Germany of its wealth. German banker Max Warburg said the terms of the treaty were "pillage on a global scale ...
[14]: 39 The Russian government promised Germany that its general mobilization did not mean preparation for war with Germany but was a reaction to the tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. [ 14 ] : 39 The German government regarded the Russian promise of no war with Germany to be nonsense in light of its general mobilization, and Germany ...