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2. English-language spelling reform - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_spelling...

   English spelling consistency was dealt a further blow when William Caxton brought the printing press to London in 1476. Having lived in mainland Europe for the preceding 30 years, his grasp of the English spelling system had become uncertain. The Belgian assistants whom he brought to help him set up his business had an even poorer command of it ...

3. Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin's...

   Franklin modified the standard English alphabet by omitting the letters c, j, q, w, x, and y, and adding new letters to explicitly represent the open-mid back rounded [ɔ] and unrounded [ʌ] vowels, and the consonants sh [ʃ], ng [ŋ], dh [ð], and th [θ]. It was one of the earlier proposed spelling reforms to the English language.

4. List of language reforms of English - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_reforms...

   SoundSpel (previously Classic New Spelling, New Spelling, World English Spelling) 1910–1986 Various Basic SR1 (Spelling Reform step 1) 1969 Harry Lindgren: Basic The Global Alphabet 1944 Robert L. Owen: Replaced The Opening of the Unreasonable Writing of Our Inglish Toung: 1551 John Hart: Extended Traditional Spelling Revised (TSR) 2021 ...

5. Phonological history of English - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/.../Phonological_history_of_English

   This period includes changes in late Proto-Germanic, up to about the 1st century. Only a general overview of the more important changes is given here; for a full list, see the Proto-Germanic article. Unstressed word-final /a/, /e/ and /o/ were lost. Early PGmc *barta > late PGmc *bart "you carried (sg)". Word-final /m/ became /n/.

6. Ordinal numeral - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_numeral

   Ordinal numbers may be written in English with numerals and letter suffixes: 1st, 2nd or 2d, 3rd or 3d, 4th, 11th, 21st, 101st, 477th, etc., with the suffix acting as an ordinal indicator. Written dates often omit the suffix, although it is nevertheless pronounced. For example: 5 November 1605 (pronounced "the fifth of November ...

7. English orthography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_orthography

   English had also borrowed large numbers of words from French, and kept their French spellings. The spelling of Middle English is very irregular and inconsistent, with the same word being spelled in different ways, sometimes even in the same sentence. However, these were generally much better guides to the then-pronunciation than modern English ...

8. Ordinal indicator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_indicator

   In English orthography, this corresponds to the suffixes ‑st, ‑nd, ‑rd, ‑th in written ordinals (represented either on the line 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th or as superscript 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th). Also commonly encountered in Romance languages are the superscript or superior (and often underlined) masculine ordinal indicator , º , and ...

9. English-language vowel changes before historic /l/ - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel...

   More extensive L-vocalization is a notable feature of certain dialects of English, including Cockney, Estuary English, New York English, New Zealand English, Pittsburgh and Philadelphia English, in which an /l/ sound occurring at the end of a word or before a consonant is pronounced as some sort of close back vocoid, e.g., [w], [o] or [ʊ]. The ...