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The term sublimation refers specifically to a physical change of state and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid ammonium chloride into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is not sublimation but a chemical reaction.
In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to sublimate (change from solid to gas) one mole of a substance at a given combination of temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure (STP). It is equal to the cohesive energy of the solid.
Gas HCN 130.5 Hydrogen bromide: Liquid HBr −36.3 Hydrogen chloride: Gas HCl −92.30 Hydrogen chloride: Aqueous HCl −167.2 Hydrogen fluoride: Gas HF −273.3 Hydrogen iodide: Gas HI 26.5 Iodine: Solid I 2: 0 Iodine: Gas I 2: 62.438 Iodine: Aqueous I 2: 23 Iodide ion Aqueous I −: −55 Iron: Solid Fe 0 Iron carbide Solid Fe 3 C 5.4 Iron(II ...
A typical phase diagram.The solid green line applies to most substances; the dashed green line gives the anomalous behavior of water. In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. [1]
A similar concept applies to liquid–gas phase changes. [7] Water is an exception which has a solid-liquid boundary with negative slope so that the melting point decreases with pressure. This occurs because ice (solid water) is less dense than liquid water, as shown by the fact that ice floats on water.
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The 2025 "No List" from the travel guide Fodor's highlights 15 places struggling with tourism, including Venice, Barcelona, and Koh Samui.
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