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Inventory (American English) or stock (British English) refers to the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate goal of resale, production or utilisation. [ nb 1 ] Inventory management is a discipline primarily about specifying the shape and placement of stocked goods.
Inventory planning involves using forecasting techniques to estimate the inventory required to meet consumer demand. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The process uses data from customer demand patterns, market trends , supply patterns, and historical sales to generate a demand plan that predicts product needs over a specified period.
In certain business operations, taking a physical inventory is impossible or impractical. In such a situation, it is necessary to estimate the inventory cost. Two very popular methods are 1)- retail inventory method, and 2)- gross profit (or gross margin) method. The retail inventory method uses a cost to retail price ratio.
Inventory control or stock control can be broadly defined as "the activity of checking a shop's stock". [1] It is the process of ensuring that the right amount of supply is available within a business. [2]
Costs of specific goods acquired or made are added to a pool of costs for the type of goods. Under this system, the business may maintain costs under FIFO but track an offset in the form of a LIFO reserve. Such reserve (an asset or contra-asset) represents the difference in cost of inventory under the FIFO and LIFO assumptions.
Physical inventory is a process where a business physically counts its entire inventory.A physical inventory may be mandated by financial accounting rules or the tax regulations to place an accurate value on the inventory, or the business may need to count inventory so component parts or raw materials can be restocked.
A positive flow of intended inventory investment occurs when a firm expects that sales will be high enough that the current level of inventories on hand may be insufficient—perhaps because in the presence of very short-term fluctuations in the timing of customer purchases, there is a risk of temporarily being unable to supply the product when a customer demands it.
When a product is in a warehouse or store, it can be tracked via its barcode and/or other tracking criteria, such as serial number, lot number or revision number.Systems. for Business, Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed. Nowadays, inventory management software often utilizes barcode, radio-frequency identification (RFID), and/or wireless tracking technology.
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