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The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated RER or rough ER; also called granular endoplasmic reticulum) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a "rough" appearance (hence its name). [7] The binding site of the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon. [8]
SERCA2 can be regulated by microRNAs, for instance miR-25 suppresses SERCA2 in heart failure. For experimental purposes, SERCA can be inhibited by thapsigargin and induced by istaroxime. SERCA function is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of rabbits [8] and in rodent myocardium [9] [10] by thyroid hormones. This mechanism may contribute to the ...
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. [3] The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell. [ 4 ]
This protein is found as a pentamer and is a major substrate for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in cardiac muscle. In the unphosphorylated state, phospholamban is an inhibitor of cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase ( SERCA2 ) [ 7 ] which transports calcium from cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum .
T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration.
The translocon (also known as a translocator or translocation channel) is a complex of proteins associated with the translocation of polypeptides across membranes. [1] In eukaryotes the term translocon most commonly refers to the complex that transports nascent polypeptides with a targeting signal sequence into the interior (cisternal or lumenal) space of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from ...
CW=cell wall, CA=callose, PM=plasma membrane, ER=endoplasmic reticulum, DM=desmotubule, Red circles=actin, Purple circles and spokes=other unidentified proteins [1] Plasmodesmata (singular: plasmodesma ) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells [ 2 ] and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between ...
ER retention refers to proteins that are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, after folding; these are known as ER resident proteins. Protein localization to the ER often depends on certain sequences of amino acids located at the N terminus or C terminus. These sequences are known as signal peptides, molecular signatures, or sorting ...