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Brazil and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1953. Both are large tropical countries endowed with rich natural resources, Brazil and Indonesia possess the largest tropical rain forest of the world [1] that contains the world's richest biodiversity, which gave them a vital role in global environment issues, such as ensuring tropical forests protection. [2]
Indonesia has one of the highest rates of deforestation in the world, much of which is driven by agricultural and logging industries. A study in 2022 estimated that the emissions impact from deforestation fires in Indonesia and Brazil was 3.7 (±0.4) and 1.9 (±0.2) Gt CO2eq in 2019 and 2020, respectively. [17]
In May 2011, Indonesia declared a moratorium on new logging contracts to help combat this. [14] This appeared to be ineffective in the short-term, as the rate of deforestation continued to increase. By 2012 Indonesia had surpassed the rate of deforestation in Brazil, [15] and become the fastest forest clearing nation in the world. [16]
On 5 May 2021, Joko Widodo signed Presidential Decree No. 33/2021, effectively establishing BRIN as the sole national research agency and decreeing that all Indonesian national research agencies—such as the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology [] (BPPT), the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia [] (BATAN), and the ...
Indonesia has been called the "most ignored emitter" that "could be the one that dooms the global climate." [21] It is "one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases" (GHG). [22] 2013 measurements show Indonesia's total GHG emissions were 2161 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent which totaled 4.47 percent of the global total. [23]
Brazil is among the countries emitting the most greenhouse gases overall, and also among the most emissions per person. [11] Brazil's 2023 greenhouse gas emissions are estimated at 2.38 billion tonnes of CO 2 equivalent, over 4% of the global total emissions. This makes Brazil the 6th highest emitting nation in 2023.
The average land area of all 38 provinces in Indonesia is about 49,800 km 2 (19,200 sq mi), and they had an average population of 7,410,626 people in mid-2024. Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, nine of which have special autonomous status. The terms for special status are "Istimewa" and "Khusus", which translate to "special", or "designated".
As part of the post-Suharto reforms, Indonesia granted more power to local governments. [2] This decentralization of power was largely governed by two laws passed in 1999 and 2004. [ 2 ] Although, outside of Aceh, regional governments are not allowed to enact regulations based on religious affairs and are not allowed to enact religious criminal ...