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In mathematics, the term undefined refers to a value, function, or other expression that cannot be assigned a meaning within a specific formal system. [ 1 ] Attempting to assign or use an undefined value within a particular formal system, may produce contradictory or meaningless results within that system.
In IEEE arithmetic, division of 0/0 or ∞/∞ results in NaN, but otherwise division always produces a well-defined result. Dividing any non-zero number by positive zero (+0) results in an infinity of the same sign as the dividend. Dividing any non-zero number by negative zero (−0) results in an infinity of the opposite sign as the dividend.
Usually, the modulo function maps any integer modulo N to one of the numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., N − 1, where N ≥ 1. Because of this, many formulas in algorithms (such as that for calculating hash table indices) can be elegantly expressed in code using the modulo operation when array indices start at zero.
The standard pow function and the integer exponent pown function define 0 0, 1 ∞, and ∞ 0 as 1. The powr function defines all three indeterminate forms as invalid operations and so returns NaN. Real operations with complex results, for example: The square root of a negative number. The logarithm of a negative number. The inverse sine or ...
A function that is not well defined is not the same as a function that is undefined. For example, if f ( x ) = 1 x {\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {1}{x}}} , then even though f ( 0 ) {\displaystyle f(0)} is undefined, this does not mean that the function is not well defined; rather, 0 is not in the domain of f {\displaystyle f} .
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 9 January 2025. Look up undefined in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Undefined may refer to: Mathematics Undefined (mathematics), with several related meanings Indeterminate form, in calculus Computing Undefined behavior, computer code whose behavior is not specified under certain conditions Undefined ...
A critical point of a function of a single real variable, f (x), is a value x 0 in the domain of f where f is not differentiable or its derivative is 0 (i.e. ′ =). [2] A critical value is the image under f of a critical point.
An undefined value must not be confused with empty string, Boolean "false" or other "empty" (but defined) values. Depending on circumstances, evaluation to an undefined value may lead to exception or undefined behaviour, but in some programming languages undefined values can occur during a normal, predictable course of program execution.