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The power coefficient [9] C P (= P/P wind) is the dimensionless ratio of the extractable power P to the kinetic power P wind available in the undistributed stream. [ citation needed ] It has a maximum value C P max = 16/27 = 0.593 (or 59.3%; however, coefficients of performance are usually expressed as a decimal, not a percentage).
However, very high tip speeds also increase the drag on the blades, decreasing power production. Balancing these factors is what leads to most modern horizontal-axis wind turbines running at a tip speed ratio around 9. In addition, wind turbines usually limit the tip speed to around 80-90m/s due to leading edge erosion and high noise levels.
Hsu gives a simple formula for a gust factor (G ) for winds as a function of the exponent (p), above, where G is the ratio of the wind gust speed to baseline wind speed at a given height: [28] G = 1 + 2 p {\displaystyle G=1+2p}
The ratio between these two coefficients is the thickness ratio: C L , m a r ≡ c t C L , a e r {\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {L} ,\,mar}\equiv {\frac {c}{t}}C_{\mathrm {L} ,\,aer}} The lift coefficient can be approximated using the lifting-line theory , [ 4 ] numerically calculated or measured in a wind tunnel test of a complete aircraft ...
ρ (Greek letter rho) is the fluid mass density (e.g. in kg/m 3), and; u is the flow speed in m/s. It can be thought of as the fluid's kinetic energy per unit volume. For incompressible flow, the dynamic pressure of a fluid is the difference between its total pressure and static pressure. From Bernoulli's law, dynamic pressure is given by
The flow of the fluid around the airfoil gives rise to lift and drag forces. By definition, lift is the force that acts on the airfoil normal to the apparent fluid flow speed seen by the airfoil. Drag is the forces that acts tangential to the apparent fluid flow speed seen by the airfoil. What do we mean by an apparent speed?
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The wind profile power law relationship is = where is the wind speed (in metres per second) at height (in metres), and is the known wind speed at a reference height .The exponent is an empirically derived coefficient that varies dependent upon the stability of the atmosphere.