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The secretion of sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone increases significantly during pregnancy, influencing the regulation of sleep in terms of both circadian rhythms and sleep need. [1] [16] Sleep disruption can also occur due to nighttime uterine contractions, which are a result of the nighttime surge in oxytocin levels. [1] [17]
Signs and symptoms of pregnancy are common, benign conditions that result from the changes to the body that occur during pregnancy. Signs and symptoms of pregnancy typically change as pregnancy progresses, although several symptoms may be present throughout. Depending on severity, common symptoms in pregnancy can develop into complications. [1]
The increase in kidney clearance during pregnancy causes more iodide to be excreted and causes relative iodine deficiency and as a result an increase in thyroid size. Estrogen-stimulated increase in thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) leads to an increase in total thyroxine (T4), but free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) remain normal. [5]
Iron deficiency anemia can intensify symptoms of fatigue and shortening of breath, and can cause cold sensitivity, hair loss, paleness to the skin and nail changes, says Cunningham. It has also ...
A 2008 study found that children whose mothers experienced moderate to severe stress during their pregnancy tended to develop symptoms that more frequently fell on the severe side of the ADHD severity spectrum. This distinction was made in comparison to those with ADHD whose mothers were not exposed to prenatal stressors. [16]
After preterm labor, hyperemesis gravidarum is the second most common reason for hospital admission during the first half of pregnancy. [16] Factors such as infection with Helicobacter pylori , a rise in thyroid hormone production, low age, low body mass index prior to pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, molar pregnancies , and a history of ...
Alcohol: Use during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. [67] Tobacco use: During pregnancy, causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. [68] Also, it increases the odds of the baby being born prematurely by 30%. [69]
Intrauterine hypoxia can be attributed to maternal, placental, or fetal conditions. [12] Kingdom and Kaufmann classifies three categories for the origin of fetal hypoxia: 1) pre-placental (both mother and fetus are hypoxic), 2) utero-placental (mother is normal but placenta and fetus is hypoxic), 3) post-placental (only fetus is hypoxic).
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