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For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy (in newly allocated dynamic memory), while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data to a new string. See for example Concatenation below. The most basic example of a string ...
In JavaScript an object is a mapping from property names to values—that is, an associative array with one caveat: the keys of an object must be either a string or a symbol (native objects and primitives implicitly converted to a string keys are allowed). Objects also include one feature unrelated to associative arrays: an object has a ...
Therefore, both Java and C# treat array types covariantly. For instance, in Java String [] is a subtype of Object [], and in C# string [] is a subtype of object []. As discussed above, covariant arrays lead to problems with writes into the array. Java [4]: 126 and C# deal with this by marking each array object with a type when it is created ...
Type inference – C# 3 with implicitly typed local variables var and C# 9 target-typed new expressions new List comprehension – C# 3 LINQ; Tuples – .NET Framework 4.0 but it becomes popular when C# 7.0 introduced a new tuple type with language support [102] Nested functions – C# 7.0 [102] Pattern matching – C# 7.0 [102]
The function is passed to the operator as a delegate. This implements the Map higher-order function. Where The Where operator allows the definition of a set of predicate rules that are evaluated for each object in the collection, while objects that do not match the rule are filtered away. The predicate is supplied to the operator as a delegate.
A singly-linked list structure, implementing a list with three integer elements. The term list is also used for several concrete data structures that can be used to implement abstract lists, especially linked lists and arrays. In some contexts, such as in Lisp programming, the term list may refer specifically to a linked list rather than an array.
The identity function is a particularly extreme example, but many other functions also benefit from parametric polymorphism. For example, an a p p e n d {\displaystyle {\mathsf {append}}} function that concatenates two lists does not inspect the elements of the list, only the list structure itself.
Object-oriented Functional Procedural Generic Reflective Other paradigms Standardized; 1C:Enterprise programming language: Application, RAD, business, general, web, mobile: Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Object-based, Prototype-based programming No ActionScript: Application, client-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes No No prototype-based: Yes