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Gene–environment interaction occurs when genetic factors and environmental factors interact to produce an outcome that cannot be explained by either factor alone. [6] For example, a study found that individuals carrying the genetic variant 5-HTT (the short copy) that encodes the serotonin transporter were at a higher risk of developing depression when exposed to adverse childhood experiences ...
Adoption studies that followed have had similar results. [4] "The Stockholm adoption study (2000 adoptees) found that criminality alone was not transmitted from biological parents to adoptees, but did find elevated rates of criminality in adopted-away offspring of biological parents with alcohol use disorders (AUD) alone, or with both AUD and ...
Reinforcement is the deliberate introduction and integration of an organism into an area where its species is already established. [1] This mode of translocation is implemented in populations whose numbers have dropped below critical levels, become dangerously inbred, or who need artificial immigration to maintain genetic diversity. [15]
Thomas began writing a monthly essay “Notes of a Biology Watcher” in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1971 while he was at Yale. In 1973 he became the president of the Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York. Lewis Thomas published multiple books throughout his career, the first being The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher.
The co-operative behaviour of social insects like the honey bee can be explained by kin selection.. Kin selection is a process whereby natural selection favours a trait due to its positive effects on the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even when at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. [1]
Adoption was a customary practice of the Roman Empire that enabled peaceful transitions of power. While the modern form of adoption emerged in the United States, forms of the practice appeared throughout history. The Code of Hammurabi, for example
Monkeyluv: And Other Essays on Our Lives as Animals is a 2005 non-fiction book by Robert Sapolsky. It collects eighteen essays on biological topics previously published by Sapolsky in various magazines, with additional notes and three section introductions. It has been reviewed in The New York Times, [2] Kirkus Reviews, [1] and New Scientist. [3]
In these examples, the source of selection on a trait coevolves with the trait itself, therefore causation is reciprocal and developmental processes potentially become relevant to evolutionary accounts. For instance, a peacock’s tail evolves through mating preferences in peahens, and those preferences coevolve with the male trait.