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This is because many of the principles of insulin dosage adjustment are remarkably similar in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and even without an endogenous insulin secretion model function, AIDA still can offer realistic simulations (from an educational perspective) for people with non-insulin dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus ...
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In many people, both a rapid- or short-acting insulin product as well as an intermediate- or long-acting product are used to decrease the amount of injections per day. In some, insulin injections may be combined with other injection therapy such as GLP-1 receptor agonists. Cleansing of the injection site and injection technique are required to ...
The purpose of an infusion set is to deliver insulin under the skin, fulfilling a similar function like an intravenous line. [1] It is a complete tubing system to connect an insulin pump to the pump user and as such includes a subcutaneous cannula, adhesive mount, quick-disconnect, and a pump cartridge connector. [citation needed]
Subcutaneous injection sites. Commonly used injection sites include: [3]: 723 The outer area of the upper arm. The abdomen, avoiding a 2-inch circle around the navel. The front of the thigh, between 4 inches from the top of the thigh and 4 inches above the knee. The upper back. The upper area of the buttock, just behind the hip bone.
The effects of insulin vary depending on the tissue involved, e.g., insulin is most important in the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue. [ 2 ] This insulin signal transduction pathway is composed of trigger mechanisms (e.g., autophosphorylation mechanisms) that serve as signals throughout the cell.
Other side effects may include pain or skin changes at the sites of injection, low blood potassium, and allergic reactions. [3] Use during pregnancy is relatively safe for the fetus. [3] NPH insulin is made by mixing regular insulin and protamine in exact proportions with zinc and phenol such that a neutral-pH is maintained and crystals form. [1]
Increased insulin secretion leads to hyperinsulinemia, but blood glucose levels remain within their normal range due to the decreased efficacy of insulin signaling. [4] However, the beta cells can become overworked and exhausted from being overstimulated, leading to a 50% reduction in function along with a 40% decrease in beta-cell volume. [ 9 ]