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An apex predator, also known as a top predator or superpredator, is a predator [a] at the top of a food chain, without natural predators of its own. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Apex predators are usually defined in terms of trophic dynamics , meaning that they occupy the highest trophic levels .
The question of whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or a pure scavenger was among the longest debates in paleontology. Most paleontologists today accept that Tyrannosaurus was both a predator and a scavenger. Specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex include some that are nearly complete skeletons.
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“They are the only group of birds that achieved the role of terrestrial apex predators, evolving species that basically conquered South America during the Miocene (about 23.03 million to 5.33 ...
It is significantly larger than any other terrestrial predator from Maastrichtian Europe. This, due to its large size in an environment otherwise dominated by island dwarf dinosaurs (with no large hypercarnivorous theropods in the region) it has been suggested that Hatzegopteryx played the role of an apex predator in the Hațeg Island ecosystem.
Like most known tyrannosaurids, Gorgosaurus was a large bipedal predator, measuring 8–9 metres (26–30 ft) in length and 2–3 metric tons (2.2–3.3 short tons) in body mass. Dozens of large, sharp teeth lined its jaws, while its two-fingered forelimbs were comparatively small.
A 1985 study suggested that Thylacoleo carnifex was an apex predator that primarily fed on large bodied prey, which may have included the large kangaroos Sthenurus, Procoptodon, Protemnodon, Macropus and Ostphranter as well as possibly the largest Australian marsupial, the rhinoceros-sized vombatoid Diprotodon. [38]