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  2. Voice onset time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_onset_time

    In English, "voicing" can successfully separate /b, d, ɡ/ from /p, t, k/ when stops are at word-medial positions, but this is not always true for word-initial stops. Strictly speaking, word-initial voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are only partially voiced, and sometimes are even voiceless."

  3. Ejective consonant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective_consonant

    In some contexts and in some languages, they are easy to mistake for tenuis or even voiced stops. [2] These weakly ejective articulations are sometimes called intermediates in older American linguistic literature and are notated with different phonetic symbols: C! = strongly ejective, Cʼ = weakly ejective.

  4. Voice (phonetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)

    English voiceless stops are generally aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable, and in the same context, their voiced counterparts are voiced only partway through. In more narrow phonetic transcription , the voiced symbols are maybe used only to represent the presence of articulatory voicing, and aspiration is represented with a ...

  5. Grimm's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimm's_law

    Voiceless stops are allophonically aspirated under most conditions. Voiced stops become unaspirated voiceless stops. All aspirated stops become fricatives. This sequence would lead to the same result. This variety of Grimm's law is often suggested in the context of Proto-Indo-European glottalic theory, which is followed by a minority of linguists.

  6. Occlusive - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occlusive

    Stops, or more precisely, oral stops—also known as plosives—are oral occlusives, where the occlusion of the vocal tract stops all airflow—oral and nasal. Examples in English are ( voiced ) / b / , / d / , / ɡ / and ( voiceless ) / p / , / t / , / k / .

  7. Manner of articulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation

    Stops, affricates, and occasionally fricatives may occur as ejectives. All ejectives are voiceless, or at least transition from voiced to voiceless. Implosives, which are glottalic ingressive. Here the glottis moves downward, but the lungs may be used simultaneously (to provide voicing), and in some languages no air may actually flow into the ...

  8. Consonant voicing and devoicing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and...

    For example, the English suffix -s is pronounced [s] when it follows a voiceless phoneme (cats), and [z] when it follows a voiced phoneme (dogs). [1] This type of assimilation is called progressive, where the second consonant assimilates to the first; regressive assimilation goes in the opposite direction, as can be seen in have to [hæftə].

  9. Fortis and lenis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis

    Generally, voiceless stops have greater oral pressure than voiced ones, which could explain this greater articulatory energy. In Ewe, for example, the lips reach closure faster in articulating /p/ than in /b/, making the lip closure longer. [6]