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Lapping machine. Lapping is a machining process in which two surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand movement or using a machine. Lapping often follows other subtractive processes with more aggressive material removal as a first step, such as milling and/or grinding. Lapping can take two forms.
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The condition of the material at hand determines what type of abrasive will be applied. The first stage, if the material is unfinished, starts with a rough abrasive (perhaps 60 or 80 grit) and each subsequent stage uses a finer abrasive, such as 120, 180, 220/240, 320, 400 and higher grit abrasives, until the desired finish is achieved.
Surface grinding is done on flat surfaces to produce a smooth finish. It is a widely used abrasive machining process in which a spinning wheel covered in rough particles ( grinding wheel ) cuts chips of metallic or nonmetallic substance from a workpiece, making a face of it flat or smooth.
Next, the workpiece is mechanically polished; typical polishing processes include vibratory finishing, lapping, and centerless grinding. Finally, the workpiece is re-immersed into the salt quench bath for 20 to 30 minutes, rinsed, and oil dipped.
The nature of AFM makes it ideal for interior surfaces, slots, holes, cavities, and other areas that may be difficult to reach with other polishing or grinding processes. [3] Due to its low material removal rate , AFM is not typically used for large stock-removal operations, [ 3 ] although it can be.
United Grinding North America was established in 1984 under the name Hauni-Blohm-Schaudt in Richmond, Virginia.The name changed in 1989 to Blohm, Inc. In 1994, Blohm Inc. established United Grinding Technologies, Inc., in Miamisburg, Ohio, to consolidate the North American operations of all their machine tool companies.
After grinding, there is a small amount of surface roughness, which is based on the size of the grit. There is also a small amount of fracturing below the surface of the material, known as subsurface damage (SSD). [4] To reduce the amount of surface roughness and subsurface damage, additional grinding at a smaller grit size can be done. [4]