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Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. [1] [2] Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics.
The Iowa Model is used to promote quality of care. It is a guideline for nurses in their decision-making process. The decision making can include clinical and administration practices. These practices affect patient outcomes. The model is based on problem-solving steps that are a part of the scientific process.
A collaborative practice agreement is a legal document in the United States that establishes a formal relationship between pharmacists (often clinical pharmacy specialists) and collaborating physicians for the purpose of establishing a legal and ethical basis for pharmacists to participate in collaborative drug therapy management. [4] [1]
The concept was endorsed by American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and the American Association of College of Pharmacy (AACP) in 1991. [4] [5] In 1992, the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) followed suit. [6] In 1993, ASHP issued a statement in response to members seeking a standardized definition of pharmaceutical care. [7]
An electronic forum, NGC-L for exchanging information on clinical practice guidelines, their development, implementation and use; An Annotated Bibliography database where users can search for citations for publications and resources about guidelines, including guideline development and methodology, structure, evaluation, and implementation.
Pharmaceutical Health and Rational Use of Medicines (Australia) Pharm.D: Doctor of Pharmacy PMS: Personal Medical Services alternative contract for UK GPs POG: Pediatric Oncology Group PRHO: Pre-registration house officer (UK) PSNZ: Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand
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Interventions to improve drug use will include providing feedback to prescribes and may include: [5] - education - preparation of drug order forms - prescription restrictions - change formula lists and/or manuals - change standard treatment guidelines - use another drug utilization review or continue with the current drug utilization review. f.