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A similar guideline for clinical trials of medical devices is the international standard ISO 14155, which is valid in the European Union as a harmonized standard. These standards for clinical trials are sometimes referred to as ICH-GCP or ISO-GCP to differentiate between the two and the lowest grade of recommendation in clinical guidelines.
Clinical pharmacy is the branch of pharmacy in which clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. [1] [2] Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics.
At this time the optimal metrics to benchmark antimicrobial use are still controversial: To measure unit of antimicrobials consumed, one can use 'Days Of Therapy' (DOT) or Defined Daily Dose (DDD). The former is more commonly used in the US, the latter is more commonly used in Europe. The 2016 IDSA/SHEA guidelines recommend the use of DOT. [37]
Monthly Prescribing Reference (MPR) is a widely recognized medical publication that provides comprehensive drug information and prescribing guidelines for healthcare professionals. It is designed to serve as a quick reference guide for physicians, pharmacists, nurse practitioners, and other medical professionals involved in prescribing medications.
b. Developing guidelines (standards) for appropriate drug use c. Assess the effectiveness of medication d. Enhance accountability in drug use e. Control medical expenses f. Prevention of drug-related problems such as adverse drug reactions, treatment failure, overuse, under-use, incorrect dosage and use of over-the-counter drugs g.
The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, a member of JCPP, requires that pharmacy schools within the United States incorporate the PCPP into their curricula. [7] The effort grew out of prior efforts to standardize "pharmacist workup of drug therapy," which the process now provides a guideline for doing. [8]
The concept was endorsed by American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and the American Association of College of Pharmacy (AACP) in 1991. [4] [5] In 1992, the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) followed suit. [6] In 1993, ASHP issued a statement in response to members seeking a standardized definition of pharmaceutical care. [7]
Pharmacy and Therapeutics (P&T) is a committee at a hospital or a health insurance plan that decides which drugs will appear on that entity's drug formulary.The committee usually consists of healthcare providers involved in prescribing, dispensing, and administering medications, as well as administrators who evaluate medication use. [1]