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The organisms responsible for primary production are called primary producers or autotrophs. Most marine primary production is generated by a diverse collection of marine microorganisms called algae and cyanobacteria. Together these form the principal primary producers at the base of the ocean food chain and produce half of the world's oxygen ...
Fish do not use energy to keep warm, eliminating some carbohydrates and fats in the diet, required to provide this energy. This may be offset, though, by the lower land costs and the higher production which can be obtained due to the high level of input control. Aeration of the water is essential, as fish need a sufficient oxygen level for ...
These fish are able to utilize the longer wavelength to act as a spotlight for its prey that only they can see. [72] The fish may also use this light to communicate with each other to find potential mates. [73] The ability of the fish to see this light is explained by the presence of specialized rhodopsin pigment. [72]
Benthic communities around methane seeps rely on methane-oxidizing microorganisms to supply energy to other microorganisms. [8] In some rare cases, bacteria use chemical energy sources such as sulfides and methane. Many of the animals in the aphotic zone are bioluminescent, meaning they can produce their light.
Mesopelagic fish are adapted to a low-light environment. Many fish are black or red, because these colors appear dark due to the limited light penetration at depth. [16] Some fish have rows of photophores, small light-producing organs, on their underside to mimic the surrounding environment. [16]
Water is very effective at absorbing incoming light, so the amount of light penetrating the ocean declines rapidly (is attenuated) with depth. At one metre depth only 45% of the solar energy that falls on the ocean surface remains. At 10 metres depth only 16% of the light is still present, and only 1% of the original light is left at 100 metres.
Terrestrial and aquatic phototrophs: plants grow on a fallen log floating in algae-rich water. Phototrophs (from Ancient Greek φῶς, φωτός (phôs, phōtós) 'light' and τροφή (trophḗ) 'nourishment') are organisms that carry out photon capture to produce complex organic compounds (e.g. carbohydrates) and acquire energy.
Mariculture, sometimes called marine farming or marine aquaculture, [1] is a branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food and other animal products, in seawater. Subsets of it include ( offshore mariculture ), fish farms built on littoral waters ( inshore mariculture ), or in artificial tanks , ponds or raceways ...