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The case where the system dynamics are described by a set of linear differential equations and the cost is described by a quadratic function is called the LQ problem. One of the main results in the theory is that the solution is provided by the linear–quadratic regulator (LQR), a feedback controller whose equations are given below.
The steady-state response is the output of the system in the limit of infinite time, and the transient response is the difference between the response and the steady-state response; it corresponds to the homogeneous solution of the differential equation. The transfer function for an LTI system may be written as the product:
Capability curve of an electrical generator describes the limits of the active and reactive power that the generator can provide. The curve represents a boundary of all operating points in the MW/MVAr plane; it is typically drawn with the real power on the horizontal axis, and, for the synchronous generator , resembles a letter D in shape, thus ...
This illustrates one of the connections between stochastic analysis and the study of partial differential equations. Conversely, a given second-order linear partial differential equation of the form Λf = 0 may be hard to solve directly, but if Λ = A ∗ for some Itô diffusion X, and an invariant measure for X is easy to compute, then that ...
This is a list of limits for common functions such as elementary functions. In this article, the terms a , b and c are constants with respect to x . Limits for general functions
Infinite impulse response (IIR) is a property applying to many linear time-invariant systems that are distinguished by having an impulse response that does not become exactly zero past a certain point but continues indefinitely.
Besides these two most common order types, brokers may offer a number of other options, such as stop-loss orders or stop-limit orders. Order types differ by broker, but they all have market and ...
An impulse generator is an electrical apparatus which produces very short high-voltage or high-current surges. Such devices can be classified into two types: impulse voltage generators and impulse current generators. High impulse voltages are used to test the strength of electric power equipment against lightning and switching surges.