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Poneratoxin is a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide made by the bullet ant Paraponera clavata. It prevents inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels and therefore blocks synaptic transmission in the central nervous system . [ 1 ]
The specific epithet of the ant, clavata, means "club-shaped". [2] The generic name, Paraponera, translates to "near-Ponera". [3] Because of its fearsome reputation, the ant has several Native American, Spanish, and Portuguese local names in different geographical areas; perhaps the best-known of these is the Venezuelan nickname hormiga veinticuatro (the "24 ant" or "24-hour ant"), referring ...
Paraponera is a genus of ants and the only genus in the subfamily Paraponerinae. [2] The name means "near-Ponera".[3]It consists of two species: the extant Paraponera clavata, also known as a bullet ant, found in the Neotropics, and the very small [4] fossil species Paraponera dieteri known from Dominican amber (Early Miocene; 16-19 million years ago). [5]
[3] The bullet ant's venom primarily contains poneratoxin, a paralyzing neurotoxic peptide. [ 8 ] Schmidt later gave the sting of a tarantula hawk species, Pepsis grossa , [ a ] a rating of a 4, [ 2 ] which he described as "blinding, fierce [and] shockingly electric", [ 3 ] though the duration of pain from the sting is short-lived, lasting only ...
Taipoxin is a ternary complex consisting of three subunits of α, β and γ monomers in a 1:1:1 ratio, also called the A, B and C homologous subunits. [6] These subunits are equally distributed across the structure, and together the three-dimensional structures of these three monomers form a shared core of three α-helices, a Ca 2+ binding site and a hydrophobic channel to which the fatty acyl ...
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A sodium channel opener is a type of drug which facilitates ion transmission through sodium channels.. Examples include toxins, such as aconitine, veratridine, batrachotoxin, robustoxin, palytoxin and ciguatoxins and insecticides (DDT and pyrethroids), which activate voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), and solnatide (AP301), which activates the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC).
Anatoxin-a is a neurotoxin produced by multiple genera of freshwater cyanobacteria that are found in water bodies globally. [3] Some freshwater cyanobacteria are known to be salt tolerant and thus it is possible for anatoxin-a to be found in estuarine or other saline environments. [4]