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For example, in C, int const x = 1; declares an object x of int const type – the const is part of the type, as if it were parsed "(int const) x" – while in Ada, X: constant INTEGER:= 1_ declares a constant (a kind of object) X of INTEGER type: the constant is part of the object, but not part of the type. This has two subtle results.
Even functions can be const in C++. The meaning here is that only a const function may be called for an object instantiated as const; a const function doesn't change any non-mutable data. C# has both a const and a readonly qualifier; its const is only for compile-time constants, while readonly can be used in constructors and other runtime ...
int foo (int a [const]); // equivalent to int *const a int bar (char s [static 5]); // annotates that s is at least 5 chars long The functionality of compound literals in C is generalized to both built-in and user-defined types by the list initialization syntax of C++11, although with some syntactic and semantic differences.
This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages.. All listed operators are in C++ and lacking indication otherwise, in C as well. Some tables include a "In C" column that indicates whether an operator is also in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading.
The first two of these, const and volatile, are also present in C++, and are the only type qualifiers in C++. Thus in C++ the term "cv-qualified type" (for const and volatile) is often used for "qualified type", while the terms "c-qualified type" and "v-qualified type" are used when only one of the qualifiers is relevant.
However, during the C++ standardization process it was decided to lift this requirement for static const integral members. The intent was to allow uses such as: struct C { static const int N = 10 ; }; char data [ C :: N ]; // N "used" without out-of-class definition
The actual sizes of short int, int, and long int are available as the constants short max int, max int, and long max int etc. ^b Commonly used for characters. ^c The ALGOL 68, C and C++ languages do not specify the exact width of the integer types short , int , long , and ( C99 , C++11 ) long long , so they are implementation-dependent.
In C++11, this technique is known as generalized constant expressions (constexpr). [2] C++14 relaxes the constraints on constexpr – allowing local declarations and use of conditionals and loops (the general restriction that all data required for the execution be available at compile-time remains).