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The Maklakoff tonometer was an early example of this method, while the Goldmann tonometer is the most widely used version in current practice. [3] Because the probe makes contact with the cornea, a topical anesthetic , such as proxymetacaine , is introduced on to the surface of the eye in the form of an eye drop .
Armand Imbert (1850-1922) and Adolf Fick (1829-1901) both demonstrated, independently of each other, that in ocular tonometry the tension of the wall can be neutralized when the application of the tonometer produces a flat surface instead of a convex one, and the reading of the tonometer (P) then equals (T) the IOP," whence all forces cancel each other.
Goldmann Applanation Tonometer attached with Slit lamp biomicroscope Goldmann Applanation Tonometer is an instrument that is based on Imbert-Fick law . It is considered to be the gold standard instrument for measurement of Intraocular pressure (IOP).
The Schiotz tonometer consists of a curved footplate which is placed on the cornea of a supine patient. A weighted plunger attached to the footplate sinks into the cornea. A scale then gives a reading depending on how much the plunger sinks into the cornea, and a conversion table converts the scale reading into IOP measured in mmHg.
Elwin Marg (March 23, 1918 – July 15, 2010) was an American optometrist and neuroscientist at the University of California at Berkeley.He was the first to receive a PhD from UC Berkeley School of Optometry.
Gastric tonometry has been introduced as a novel method of monitoring tissue perfusion in critically ill patients. Tonometry is based on the principle that at equilibrium the partial pressure of a diffusible gas such as CO 2 is the same in both the wall and lumen of a viscus.
He made a "tonometer" (German: Tonmesser) from 56 tuning forks as an instrument for accurately measuring pitch by counting beating, described in 1834. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] "A wooden board...together with a small wooden mallet with which the forks are to be struck, and a good metronome , constitute Scheibler's tuning apparatus."
L'envol d'Icare (The Flight of Icarus) is a score written (but never performed) as a ballet by the Ukrainian composer Igor Markevitch in 1932–33. It is notable for featuring groups of instruments tuned a quarter-tone above and below the rest of the orchestra, and for its use of polyrhythms .