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A voluntary export restraint (VER) or voluntary export restriction is a measure by which the government or an industry in the importing country arranges with the government or the competing industry in the exporting country for a restriction on the volume of the latter's exports of one or more products. [1]
Barriers take the form of tariffs (which impose a financial burden on imports) and non-tariff barriers to trade (which uses other overt and covert means to restrict imports and occasionally exports). In theory, free trade involves the removal of all such barriers, except perhaps those considered necessary for health or national security.
These agreements relate directly to voluntary export restraints, safeguard and escape clause policies. Orderly marketing arrangements are predominantly bilateral arrangements between the governments of two countries, and any change to the agreement must be approved by both parties. [1]
Export restrictions, or a restriction on exportation, are limitations on the quantity of goods exported to a specific country or countries by a Government. Export restrictions could be aimed at achieving diverse policy objectives such as environmental protection, economic welfare, social wellbeing, conversion of natural resources, and controlling inflationary pressures.
This category includes global quotas with respect to specific countries, seasonal quotas, and so-called "voluntary export restraints". Quantitative controls on foreign trade transactions are carried out through one-time license. Quantitative restrictions on imports and exports are direct administrative forms of government regulation of foreign ...
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) has been the backbone of international trade law since 1948 after the charter for international trade had been agreed upon in Havana. It contains rules relating to "unfair" trading practices— dumping and subsidies .
In the late 1970s, Detroit and the auto workers union combined to fight for protection. They obtained not high tariffs, but a voluntary restriction of exports from the Japanese government. [67] Quotas were two-country diplomatic agreements that had the same protective effect as high tariffs, but did not invite retaliation from third countries.
Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 (Pub. L. 93–618, 19 U.S.C. § 2411, last amended March 23, 2018 [1]) authorizes the President to take all appropriate action, including tariff-based and non-tariff-based retaliation, to obtain the removal of any act, policy, or practice of a foreign government that violates an international trade agreement or is unjustified, unreasonable, or ...