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Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
During this time, the signs and symptoms of periodontal diseases were firmly established. [15] Rather than a single disease entity, periodontal disease is a combination of multiple disease processes that share a common clinical manifestation. The cause includes both local and systemic factors.
In the early stages, periodontitis has very few symptoms, and in many individuals the disease has progressed significantly before they seek treatment. Symptoms may include: Redness or bleeding of gums while brushing teeth , using dental floss or biting into hard food (e.g., apples) (though this may also occur in gingivitis , where there is no ...
Dental plaque, the precursor of periodontal disease, is a complex biofilm consisting mainly of bacteria, but also archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Viruses that specifically infect bacteria—bacteriophages—are most common in the oral cavity. Viral roles in the progression of periodontal disease as of 2017 remains poorly explored. [1]
Periapical periodontitis of some form is a very common condition. The prevalence of periapical periodontitis is generally reported to vary according to age group, e.g. 33% in those aged 20–30, 40% in 30- to 40-year-olds, 48% in 40- to 50-year-olds, 57% in 50- to 60-year-olds and 62% in those over the age of 60. [13]
The most recent COVID-19 vaccine should offer protection against the XEC variant, Russo says. “The most recent version of the vaccine seems to be reasonably well-matched,” he says.
The rate at which coronavirus tests are coming back with positive results continues to climb across California. For the week ending July 1, 10.6% of coronavirus tests statewide came back positive ...
There are three stages, according to the way COVID-19 infection can be tackled by pharmacological agents, in which the disease can be classified. [71] Stage I is the early infection phase during which the domination of upper respiratory tract symptoms is present.