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In the mathematical field of geometric topology, the Poincaré conjecture (UK: / ˈ p w æ̃ k ær eɪ /, [2] US: / ˌ p w æ̃ k ɑː ˈ r eɪ /, [3] [4] French: [pwɛ̃kaʁe]) is a theorem about the characterization of the 3-sphere, which is the hypersphere that bounds the unit ball in four-dimensional space.
While a system of 3 bodies interacting gravitationally is chaotic, a system of 3 bodies interacting elastically is not. [clarification needed] There is no general closed-form solution to the three-body problem. [1] In other words, it does not have a general solution that can be expressed in terms of a finite number of standard mathematical ...
The seven selected problems span a number of mathematical fields, namely algebraic geometry, arithmetic geometry, geometric topology, mathematical physics, number theory, partial differential equations, and theoretical computer science. Unlike Hilbert's problems, the problems selected by the Clay Institute were already renowned among ...
The problem of two fixed centers conserves energy; in other words, the total energy is a constant of motion.The potential energy is given by =where represents the particle's position, and and are the distances between the particle and the centers of force; and are constants that measure the strength of the first and second forces, respectively.
The 3-sphere is homeomorphic to the one-point compactification of R 3. In general, any topological space that is homeomorphic to the 3-sphere is called a topological 3-sphere. The homology groups of the 3-sphere are as follows: H 0 (S 3, Z) and H 3 (S 3, Z) are both infinite cyclic, while H i (S 3, Z) = {} for all other indices i.
We see that in the Friedmann equations, a(t) does not depend on which coordinate system we chose for spatial slices. There are two commonly used choices for a and k which describe the same physics: k = +1, 0 or −1 depending on whether the shape of the universe is a closed 3-sphere, flat (Euclidean space) or an open 3-hyperboloid, respectively ...
Even after such symmetry reductions, the reduced system of equations is often difficult to solve. For example, the Ernst equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation somewhat resembling the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS). But recall that the conformal group on Minkowski spacetime is the symmetry group of the Maxwell equations.
Poincaré and the Three-Body Problem is a monograph in the history of mathematics on the work of Henri Poincaré on the three-body problem in celestial mechanics.It was written by June Barrow-Green, as a revision of her 1993 doctoral dissertation, and published in 1997 by the American Mathematical Society and London Mathematical Society as Volume 11 in their shared History of Mathematics ...