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Central Pashto (Pashto: منځنۍ پښتو, romanized: Manźanəi Pax̌to) is a standard variety of the Pashto language, spoken in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. They are the middle dialects of Mangal, Zadran, Mahsudi and Waziri. [2] [3] These dialects are affected by what Ibrahim Khan terms as "the Great Karlāṇ Vowel Shift". [4
Dialectical Map of Pashto: An edited map of the Pashtun tribes, from Olaf Caroe’s “The Pathans”. The North Eastern dialects have been highlighted in dark blue, the North Western dialects in light blue, the North-Central (North Karlāṇi) is pink, the South-Central (South Karlāṇi) in red, the South Eastern in orange and the South Western in yellow.
Waziristāní (Pashto: وزیرستانۍ), also known as Wazirwóla (Pashto: وزیرواله, meaning "of the Wazirs") and Wazirí, is a central Pashto dialect spoken in North Waziristan and South Waziristan. [1] Waziristani differs in pronunciation [2] and to a much lesser degree in grammar from the other varieties of Pashto. [3]
In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). [48] However, Urdu and English are the two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan. [49]
Iranica also estimated 25% of Afghanistan natively speaking Dari [18] but also categorized varieties of Persian spoken in central Afghanistan as different languages as Dari, and gave no estimates to the percentage of non-Dari Persian speakers. Iranica also made no reference to how many ethnic Pashtuns spoke Dari as their first language.
Additionally, Dari serves as the second language of Pashtuns in Afghanistan, [38] [39] while those in Pakistan speak Urdu and English. [40] [41] In India, the majority of those of Pashtun descent have lost the ability to speak Pashto and instead speak Hindi and other regional languages. [42] [43] [44]
In any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect, past perfect), Pashto is an ergative language; i.e., transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence. The dialects show some non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms.
Pashtun diaspora (Pashto: بهر مېشت پښتانه) comprises all ethnic Pashtuns.There are millions of Pashtuns who are living outside of their traditional homeland of Pashtunistan, a historic region that is today situated over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. [12]