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Thorium dioxide (ThO 2), also called thorium(IV) oxide, is a crystalline solid, often white or yellow in colour. Also known as thoria, it is mainly a by-product of lanthanide and uranium production. [4] Thorianite is the name of the mineralogical form of thorium dioxide. It is moderately rare and crystallizes in an isometric system.
Thorianite is a rare thorium oxide mineral, ThO 2. [5] It was originally described by Ananda Coomaraswamy in 1904 as uraninite, [6] but recognized as a new species by Wyndham R. Dunstan. [7] It was so named by Dunstan on account of its high percentage of thorium; it also contains the oxides of uranium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium.
Uranium ores with low thorium concentrations can be purified to produce gram-sized thorium samples of which over a quarter is the 230 Th isotope, since 230 Th is one of the daughters of 238 U. [27] The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) reclassified thorium as a binuclidic element in 2013; it had formerly been considered ...
This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page: Energy densities table Storage type ... Silver-oxide [19] 0.47: 1.8:
Thorium has a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition and thus a standard atomic weight can be given. Thirty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 232 Th, 230 Th with a half-life of 75,380 years, 229 Th with a half-life of 7,917 years, [ 2 ] and 228 Th with a half-life of 1.92 years.
Thorium reacts with hydrogen to form the thorium hydrides ThH 2 and Th 4 H 15, the latter of which is superconducting below the transition temperature of 7.5–8 K; at standard temperature and pressure, it conducts electricity like a metal. [12] Thorium is the only metallic element that readily forms a hydride higher than MH 3. [31]
New York: The International Nickel Company, Inc., 1941: 16. — "Values ranging from 21.3 to 21.5 gm/cm 3 at 20 °C have been reported for the density of annealed platinum; the best value being about 21.45 gm/cm 3 at 20 °C." 21.46 g/cm 3 — Rose, T. Kirke. The Precious Metals, Comprising Gold, Silver and Platinum. New York: D. Van Nostrand ...
Laser ablation of thorium in the presence of oxygen produces vapor-phase thorium monoxide. [3] Thorium monoxide molecules contain a highly polar covalent bond. The effective electric field between the two atoms has been calculated to be about 80 gigavolts per centimeter, one of the largest known internal effective electric fields. [4] [5] [6] [7]