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Ephedrine works by inducing the release of norepinephrine and hence indirectly activating the α-and β-adrenergic receptors. [11] Chemically, ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine. [14] Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.
Diagnostic impurities are the naphthalenes 1-benzyl-methylnaphthalene and 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylnaphthalene, [108] arising in the Nagai and Leuckart routes, and cis-or trans-1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine, ephedrine, or erythro-3,4-dimethyl- 5-phenyloxazolidine, arising in the Nagai and Emde routes; these are absent in the reductive amination ...
Some β-hydroxyamphetamines have had their side chain extended and cyclized.Examples include certain substituted phenylmorpholines like phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine and their analogues; substituted phenylmorpholines related to bupropion like radafaxine (cyclized (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion) and manifaxine; certain substituted aminorexes like 4-methylaminorex and 4,4'-dimethylaminorex; and ...
Conversely, ephedrine is the enantiopure (1R,2S)-enantiomer. [1] Racephedrine has been marketed for medical use in Italy . [ 1 ] Like ephedrine, racephedrine is a releasing agent of norepinephrine and to a much lesser extent of dopamine .
4-Fluoroephedrine, also known as 4-fluoro-β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine, is a substituted phenethylamine, amphetamine, and β-hydroxyamphetamine derivative.[6] [1] It is the 4-fluoro analogue of ephedrine.
[1] [2] The compound is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 into erythro-4'-hydroxy-hydrobupropion and by various glucuronosyltransferase enzymes into glucuronide conjugates. [1] The elimination half-life of erythrohydrobupropion is approximately 33 hours. [1] [2] Its half-life may be longer in older people. [2]
Bottle of ephedrine, an alkaloid found in ephedra. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica. [1] Several additional species belonging to the genus Ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. [2]
Amphetamine, which is a racemic mixture of dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine, was first discovered in 1887, shortly after the isolation of ephedrine. [ 65 ] [ 60 ] However, it was not until 1927 that amphetamine was synthesized by Gordon Alles and was studied by him in animals and humans. [ 10 ]