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The anterior jugular vein varies considerably in size, bearing usually an inverse proportion to the external jugular. [1] Most frequently, there are two anterior jugulars, a right and left. [1] [4] However, there is sometimes only one. [1] A duplicate anterior jugular vein may be present on one side, which may cross over the midline.
Finally, the left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava, which delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. [2] The jugular vein has tributaries consisting of petrosal sinus , facial , lingual , pharylingual, the thyroid , and sometimes the occipital vein .
The term "hepatojugular reflux" was previously used as it was thought that compression of the liver resulted in "reflux" of blood out of the hepatic sinusoids into the inferior vena cava, thereby elevating right atrial pressure and visualized as jugular venous distention. The exact physiologic mechanism of jugular venous distention with a ...
The jugular veins are relatively superficial and not protected by tissues such as bone or cartilage.This makes them susceptible to damage. Due to the large volumes of blood that flow through the jugular veins, damage to the jugulars can quickly cause significant blood loss, which can lead to hypovolæmic shock and then death if not treated.
Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another.
Opposition is the movement that involves grasping of the thumb and fingers. [43] Protraction and retraction is an anterior (protraction) or posterior (retraction) movement, [44] such as of the arm at the shoulders, although these terms have been criticised as non-specific. [45] Reciprocal motion is alternating motions in opposing directions. [46]
The inferior vena cava is the larger of the two. The inferior vena cava is retroperitoneal and runs to the right and roughly parallel to the abdominal aorta along the spine. Deep, superficial, and perforator veins. The three main compartments of the venous system are the deep veins, the superficial veins, and the perforator veins. [15]
The anterior cardinal veins (precardinal veins) contribute to the formation of the internal jugular veins and together with the common cardinal vein form the superior vena cava. The anastomosis between the two anterior cardinal veins develops into the left brachiocephalic vein .