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Herniated disk due to tearing of the spinal disk over time, causes the disk to protrude and exert pressure on surrounding spinal nerve tissue. Consequent compression on the spinal cord at the cervical region causes CSM. [12] Osteoporosis is the weakening of the bones due to progressive decrease in bone density. [13]
Spondylosis is the degeneration of the vertebral column from any cause. In the more narrow sense, it refers to spinal osteoarthritis , the age-related degeneration of the spinal column, which is the most common cause of spondylosis.
Rarely, large anterior cervical spine osteophytes may affect the esophagus or the larynx and cause pain, difficulty swallowing [5] [6] or even dyspnea. [7] Similar calcification and ossification may be seen at peripheral entheseal sites, including the shoulder, iliac crest , ischial tuberosity , trochanters of the hip, tibial tuberosities ...
The treatment and prognosis of myelopathy depends on the underlying cause: myelopathy caused by infection requires medical treatment with pathogen specific antibiotics. Similarly, specific treatments exist for multiple sclerosis, which may also present with myelopathy. As outlined above, the most common form of myelopathy is secondary to ...
Over a long-term period, osteopenia or osteoporosis of the AP spine may occur, causing eventual compression fractures and a back "hump". [47] Hyperkyphosis from ankylosing spondylitis can also lead to impairment in mobility and balance, as well as impaired peripheral vision, which increases the risk of falls which can cause fracture of already ...
Compared to expectations, women with ankylosing spondylitis were less likely to have had children. [31] People with ankylosing spondylitis experience up to 50% more sick leave episodes, an overall 8% loss of productivity, and a thrice higher rate of disability than the general population.
For example, psoriatic arthritis can cause both peripheral and axial symptoms. [7] Likewise, reactive arthritis can transform into chronic axial spondyloarthritis. [8] All are considered inflammatory rheumatic disorders because they involve immune system-mediated attacks on the joints, muscles, bones and organs. [9]
Spondylitis; Spondylitis due to Tropheryma whipplei: Contrast-enhanced, T1 weighted fat suppressed magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating contrast enhancing lesions of spondylitis in the first (L1) and second (L2), as well as fourth (L4) and fifth (L5) lumbar vertebra, sparing the intervertebral discs