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Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured. They are from the same family of products as retarders . The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s.
Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used for making high-strength concrete or to place self-compacting concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more.
Aerator assembly diagram. Aeration occurs in two basic steps: [2] [5] Air is drawn into the water stream, breaking the stream into a flow of tiny droplets mixed with air. The mixture of air and water passes through a screen, further mixing the air and water and evenly spreading out the resulting stream.
A retarder is a chemical agent that slows down a chemical reaction.For example, retarders are used to slow the chemical reaction hardening of plastic materials such as wallboard, concrete, and adhesives.
Air entrainment in concrete is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in a batch by adding an air entraining agent during mixing. A form of surfactant (a surface-active substance that in the instance reduces the surface tension between water and solids) it allows bubbles of a desired size to form.
A peristaltic pump, also commonly known as a roller pump, is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids. The fluid is contained in a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing. Most peristaltic pumps work through rotary motion, though linear peristaltic pumps have also been made.
Hydropneumatic pulsation filters provide means of reducing the amplitude of pressure changes the velocity of which is in the order of 1.4 km/s. All are used in industry. A hydropneumatic pulsation filter is a pressure container with separate inlet and outlet, connectable to a pipe system so that all pressure changes must attempt to pass through ...
An axial-flow pump for industrial use. An axial-flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of pump that essentially consists of a propeller (an axial impeller) in a pipe.The propeller can be driven directly by a sealed motor in the pipe or by electric motor or petrol/diesel engines mounted to the pipe from the outside or by a right-angle drive shaft that pierces the pipe.