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Microcephaly (from Neo-Latin microcephalia, from Ancient Greek μικρός mikrós "small" and κεφαλή kephalé "head" [2]) is a medical condition involving a smaller-than-normal head. [3] Microcephaly may be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. [ 3 ]
Achalasia causes dysphagia, which leads to difficulties when eating, frequent vomiting after meals and possible respiratory arrest due to chronic aspiration. [4] [9] [6] Symptoms can manifest at ages as young as six weeks. [6] Alongside prominent dysphagia, the child will have microcephaly, which is characterised by an abnormally small head.
Pregnancy loss that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation is referred to as a stillbirth. Stillbirth involves the delivery of a fetus that has passed away before or during birth. Almost 1.9 million stillbirths occur each year, with unexplained stillbirths accounting for 76% of cases across the globe.
A public health approach to addressing maternal mortality includes gathering information on the scope of the problem, identifying key causes, and implementing interventions, both prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy, to combat those causes and prevent maternal mortality. [57] Public health has a role to play in the analysis of maternal death.
About one third of children whose mothers are taking this drug during pregnancy typically have intrauterine growth restriction with a small head and develop minor dysmorphic craniofacial features (microcephaly and intellectual disability) and limb defects including hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges (birth defects).
Fetal warfarin syndrome is a disorder of the embryo which occurs in a child whose mother took the medication warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) during pregnancy.Resulting abnormalities include low birth weight, slower growth, intellectual disability, deafness, small head size, and malformed bones, cartilage, and joints.
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It is estimated that less than 1ml of fetal blood is lost to the maternal circulation during normal labour in around 96% of normal deliveries. [1] [2] The loss of this small amount of blood may however be a sensitising event and stimulate antibody production to the foetal red blood cells, an example of which is Rhesus disease of the newborn.