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  2. Four causes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes

    The formal cause of a change or movement. This is a change or movement caused by the arrangement, shape, or appearance of the thing changing or moving. Aristotle says, for example, that the ratio 2:1, and number in general, is the formal cause of the octave. Efficient, or agent The efficient or moving cause of a change or movement.

  3. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on the cause. [1]

  4. Occasionalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occasionalism

    Occasionalism is a philosophical doctrine about causation which says that created substances cannot be efficient causes of events. Instead, all events are taken to be caused directly by God . (A related concept, which has been called "occasional causation", also denies a link of efficient causation between mundane events, but may differ as to ...

  5. Process and Reality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_and_Reality

    An example of singular causation is that I woke this morning because my alarm clock rang. An example of nomic causation is that alarm clocks generally wake people in the morning. Aristotle recognises singular causality as efficient causality. For Whitehead, there are many contributory singular causes for an event.

  6. Efficient causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/?title=Efficient_causation&...

    Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects Appearance. move to sidebar hide. ... Redirect page. Redirect to: Four causes#Efficient cause; Retrieved from ...

  7. Causal closure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_closure

    It attempts to reduce all teleological final (and formal) causes to efficient causes. Goetz and Taliaferro urge that this challenge is unjustified, partly because it would imply that the real cause of arguing for the physical causal closure is neurobiological activity in the brain, not (as we know it is) the purpose-based attempt to understand ...

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  9. Unmoved mover - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmoved_mover

    Final cause and efficient cause [ edit ] Simplicius argues that the first unmoved mover is a cause not only in the sense of being a final cause—which everyone in his day, as in ours, would accept—but also in the sense of being an efficient cause (1360. 24ff.), and his master Ammonius wrote a whole book defending the thesis (ibid. 1363. 8–10).