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Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of monosaccharides. It is based on the reduction of copper(II) acetate to copper(I) oxide (Cu 2 O), which forms a brick-red precipitate. [1] [2] RCHO + 2Cu 2+ + 2H 2 O → RCOOH + Cu 2 O↓ + 4H + (Disaccharides may also react, but the reaction is much slower.)
Christen Thomsen Barfoed. Christen Thomsen Barfoed (16 June 1815 – 30 April 1889) was a Danish chemist credited with the development of a method to detect monosaccharide sugars in a solution, now known as the Barfoed's test. [1] [2] Barfoed is also credited with having introduced systematic chemical analyses in Danish agricultural sciences. [3]
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6, which is often abbreviated as Glc. [4] It is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, [5] a subcategory of carbohydrates. It is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight.
An oligosaccharide has both a reducing and a non-reducing end. The reducing end of an oligosaccharide is the monosaccharide residue with hemiacetal functionality, thereby capable of reducing the Tollens’ reagent, while the non-reducing end is the monosaccharide residue in acetal form, thus incapable of reducing the Tollens’ reagent. [2]
Fehling's test can be used as a generic test for monosaccharides and other reducing sugars (e.g., maltose). It will give a positive result for aldose monosaccharides (due to the oxidisable aldehyde group) but also for ketose monosaccharides, as they are converted to aldoses by the base in the reagent, and then give a positive result. [9]
Benedict's reagent (often called Benedict's qualitative solution or Benedict's solution) is a chemical reagent and complex mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate. [1] It is often used in place of Fehling's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars and other reducing substances. [2]
Mannose is a dominant monosaccharide in N-linked glycosylation, which is a post-translational modification of proteins. It is initiated by the en bloc transfer on Glc 3 Man 9 GlcNAc 2 to nascent glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a co-translational manner as the protein entered through the transport system.
Frederick Sanger. In 1945, Frederick Sanger described its use for determining the N-terminal amino acid in polypeptide chains, in particular insulin. [4] Sanger's initial results suggested that insulin was a smaller molecule than previously estimated (molecular weight 12,000), and that it consisted of four chains (two ending in glycine and two ending in phenylalanine), with the chains cross ...