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Facultative air breathers, such as the catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, only breathe air if they need to and can otherwise rely on their gills for oxygen. Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to the surface and the fitness cost of exposure to surface predators.
Arsik is an Indonesian spicy fish dish of the Batak Toba and Mandailing people of North Sumatra, usually using the common carp (known in Indonesia as ikan mas or gold fish). [ 1 ] Distinctively Batak elements of the dish are the use of torch ginger fruit ( asam cikala ), and andaliman (similar to Sichuan pepper ). [ 1 ]
Fossil of Bothriolepis panderi, an antiarch placoderm showing its caliper-like pectoral fins: Life restoration of Coccosteus, an arthrodire placoderm : Scientific classification