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Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles employ different mechanisms to adapt their cells to heat, especially to the cell wall, plasma membrane, and its biomolecules (DNA, proteins, etc.): [12] The presence in their plasma membrane of long-chain and saturated fatty acids in bacteria and "ether" bonds (diether or tetraether) in archaea. In some ...
Thermophiles can survive at high temperatures, whereas other bacteria or archaea would be damaged and sometimes killed if exposed to the same temperatures. The enzymes in thermophiles function at high temperatures. Some of these enzymes are used in molecular biology, for example the Taq polymerase used in PCR. [4] "
In common with eukaryotes, prokaryotic electron transport uses the energy released from the oxidation of a substrate to pump ions across a membrane and generate an electrochemical gradient. In the bacteria, oxidative phosphorylation in Escherichia coli is understood in most detail, while archaeal systems are at present poorly understood. [58]
They evolved from symbiotic bacteria and retain a remnant genome. [59] Like bacteria, plant cells have cell walls, and contain organelles such as chloroplasts in addition to the organelles in other eukaryotes. Chloroplasts produce energy from light by photosynthesis, and were also originally symbiotic bacteria. [59]
Phototrophic bacteria derive energy from light using photosynthesis, while chemotrophic bacteria breaking down chemical compounds through oxidation, [106] driving metabolism by transferring electrons from a given electron donor to a terminal electron acceptor in a redox reaction. Chemotrophs are further divided by the types of compounds they ...
The heliobacteria are phototrophic: they convert light energy into chemical energy using a type I reaction center. [6] [7] The primary pigment involved is bacteriochlorophyll g, which is unique to the group and has a unique absorption spectrum; this gives the heliobacteria their own environmental niche. [5]
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