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In 2015 alkylation gross margin (calculated according to the prices of alkylation feedstocks and effluents) on the US Gulf Coast market reached US$80/barrel of alkylate produced [18] while in the decade preceding 2021, it averaged about $40/bbl. [19] As of 2018, alkylation was considered one of the highest value added operations on a refinery. [20]
The alkylation process takes place in the presence of an acid - in the Dangote refinery, this is sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4). The plant is called a sulphuric acid alkylation unit (SAAU). [54] The main technology for SAAU is the STRATCO process licensed by DuPont. It is a very established technology for alkylation in refineries.
Alkyl groups can also be removed in a process known as dealkylation. Alkylating agents are often classified according to their nucleophilic or electrophilic character. In oil refining contexts, alkylation refers to a particular alkylation of isobutane with olefins. For upgrading of petroleum, alkylation produces a premium blending stock for ...
Petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington, United States. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.
The DETAL process involving dehydrogenation of n-paraffins to olefins, and subsequent reaction with benzene using a fixed bed catalyst. This is newer technology and has several of the stages depicted in the HF/n-paraffins process, but it is principally different in the benzene alkylation step, during which a solid-state catalyst is employed.
The factors involved include whether the amine unit is treating raw natural gas or petroleum refinery by-product gases that contain relatively low concentrations of both H 2 S and CO 2 or whether the unit is treating gases with a high percentage of CO 2 such as the offgas from the steam reforming process used in ammonia production or the flue ...
Newsom's last-minute proposal, his office said, would allow his administration to require that petroleum refiners maintain a stable inventory in order to prevent fuel shortages and price spikes ...
The FCC LPG is an important source of C 3 –C 4 olefins and isobutane that are essential feeds for the alkylation process and the production of polymers such as polypropylene. [citation needed] Typical yields of a UOP Fluid Catalytic Cracker (volume, feed basis, ~23 API feedstock and 74% conversion) [13]