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Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH 3 COCOO −, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis , converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis , or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA . [ 3 ]
Pyruvate can be transaminated directly to produce alanine. It can also be decarboxylated to produce acetyl-CoA. Due to the kinetic isotope effect associated with this reaction, the red carbons in the resulting acetyl groups are depleted in 13 C relative to bulk biomass. Carbons in metabolites derived from acetyl-CoA are also colored red.
The L enantiomer of lactic acid This animation focuses on one molecule of glucose turning into pyruvate then into lactic acid. In the process there is one 6-carbon glucose molecule and 2 NAD+ molecules. 2 phosphates attach to the ends of the glucose molecule, then glucose is split into 2 3-carbon pyruvate precursors.
Pyruvate oxidation is the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. [4] In glycolysis, a single glucose molecule (6 carbons) is split into 2 pyruvates (3 carbons each). Because of this, the link reaction occurs twice for each glucose molecule to produce a total of 2 acetyl-CoA molecules, which can then enter the Krebs cycle.
An PFOR reaction starts with the nucleophilic attack of C2 of TPP on the 2-oxo carbon of pyruvate, which forms a lactyl-TPP adduct. Next, the lactyl-TPP adduct releases the CO 2 moiety, forming an anionic intermediate, which then transfer an electron to a [4Fe-4S] cluster. These steps lead to a stable radical intermediate that can be observed ...
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation. [1] Acetyl-CoA may then be used in the citric acid cycle to carry out cellular respiration , and this complex links the glycolysis metabolic pathway to the citric acid cycle .
Three specific pyruvate cycles are generally considered, [1] each named for the principal molecule exported from the mitochondrion: malate, citrate, and isocitrate. Other variants may exist, such as dissipative or "futile" pyruvate cycles. [2] [3]
In addition, in C 4 plants, PEP serves as an important substrate in carbon fixation. The chemical equation, as catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase), is: PEP + HCO − 3 → oxaloacetate