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Hazen–Williams equation. The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems [1] such as fire sprinkler systems, [2] water supply networks, and irrigation systems.
Moody chart. In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram (also Stanton diagram) is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor fD, Reynolds number Re, and surface roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
The Fanning friction factor (named after American engineer John T. Fanning) is a dimensionless number used as a local parameter in continuum mechanics calculations. It is defined as the ratio between the local shear stress and the local flow kinetic energy density: [1][2] where.
Friction loss is a significant engineering concern wherever fluids are made to flow, whether entirely enclosed in a pipe or duct, or with a surface open to the air. Historically, it is a concern in aqueducts of all kinds, throughout human history. It is also relevant to sewer lines. Systematic study traces back to Henry Darcy, an aqueduct engineer.
The Gauckler–Manning coefficient, often denoted as n, is an empirically derived coefficient, which is dependent on many factors, including surface roughness and sinuosity. When field inspection is not possible, the best method to determine n is to use photographs of river channels where n has been determined using Gauckler–Manning's formula.
Hydraulic head. Fluid flows from the tank at the top to the basin at the bottom under the pressure of the hydraulic head. Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum. [1][2] It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or bottom ...
Pipe network analysis. In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
Flow characteristics. The variations of Q/Q (full) and V/V (full) with H/D ratio is shown in figure (b).From the equation 5, maximum value of Q/Q (full) is found to be equal to 1.08 at H/D =0.94 which implies that maximum rate of discharge through a conduit is observed for a conduit partly full. Similarly the maximum value of V/V (full) (which ...
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