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The blood sugar level should be below 95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L) on awakening, below 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) one hour after a meal and below 120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L) two hours after a meal. Each time when checking the blood sugar level, keep a proper record of the results and present to the health care team for evaluation and modification of the treatment.
Healthy dietary patterns shift after the first 6 and 12 months of life. [3] The Guidelines recommend: In about the first 6 months, infants should only be fed human milk, and this should continue through at least the first year of life, if not longer. If human milk is unavailable, infants should be fed iron-fortified infant formula.
Nutrition of the fetus begins at conception. For this reason, the nutrition of the mother is important from before conception (probably several months before) as well as throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding. An ever-increasing number of studies have shown that the nutrition of the mother will have an effect on the child, up to and including ...
Women are classified as underweight if they have a pre-pregnant BMI of 18.5 or below. [3] Low pre-pregnancy BMI increases the risk of low birth weight infants, but the risk can be balanced by an appropriate gestational weight gain from 12.5 to 18.0 kilograms in total, or about 0.5 kilogram each week in the second and third trimesters.
Current exercise recommendation guidelines state that pregnant women should be active for at least 150 minutes a week, most preferably through daily physical activity, at a moderate intensity. Previously sedentary mothers should begin light exercise of a short duration, and progress to longer duration and more intense exercise. [ 19 ]
A high protein diet relative to a low-fat or high-carbohydrate diet may increase thermogenesis and decrease appetite leading to weight reduction, [53] particularly 3-6 months into a diet when rapid weight loss is observed. [54] However, these advantages may be reduced later at 12–24 months into a diet during the slow weight loss phase. [54]
Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels during pregnancy. [2] Gestational diabetes generally results in few symptoms; [2] however, obesity increases the rate of pre-eclampsia, cesarean sections, and embryo macrosomia, as well as gestational diabetes. [2]
Rapid weight loss after obesity surgery can contribute to the development of gallstones, especially at 6 and 18 months. [ 27 ] [ 29 ] Estimates for prevalence of symptomatic gallstones after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass range from 3–13%. [ 18 ]