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In phase 1, "the preparatory phase", glucose is converted to 2 d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (g3p). One ATP is invested in Step 1, and another ATP is invested in Step 3. Steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis are referred to as "Priming Steps". In Phase 2, two equivalents of g3p are converted to two pyruvates. In Step 7, two ATP are produced.
[36] [37] Suggested amounts vary from 1.2 to 1.4 g/kg for those doing endurance exercise to as much as 1.6-1.8 g/kg for strength exercise [37] [39] and up to 2.0 g/kg/day for older people, [42] while a proposed maximum daily protein intake would be approximately 25% of energy requirements i.e. approximately 2 to 2.5 g/kg. [36]
Compare this to the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, which reduces FAD + to produce FADH 2, donates electrons to the quinone pool in the electron transport chain, and is capable of generating only 2 ATPs per NADH generated in glycolysis (ultimately resulting in a net gain of 36 ATPs per glucose metabolized).
“Expert guidance suggests multiplying your body weight in pounds by anywhere from 0.55 to 0.72 to calculate the grams of protein you need daily,” Pasquariello said.
But mounting research is revealing that regular exercisers need more like 1.2 to 1.5 grams per kilogram of protein to support tissue growth. (That translates to about 30 to 35 grams of protein per ...
The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q i site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol. A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2 H 2 + e − {\displaystyle {\ce {2H+2e-}}} ) oxidations at the Q o site to form one quinone ( 2 H 2 + e − {\displaystyle {\ce {2H+2e-}}} ) at the Q i site.
[2] Control of flux in a metabolic pathways: The control of flux is a systemic property, that is it depends, to varying degrees, on all interactions in the system. The control of flux is measured by the flux control coefficient; In a linear chain of reactions, the flux control coefficient will have values between zero and one.
These higher energy electrons are transferred to protein-bound plastoquinone (PQ A) and then to unbound plastoquinone (PQ B). This reduces plastoquinone (PQ) to plastoquinol (PQH 2) which is released from PSII after gaining two protons from the stroma. The electrons in P 680 are replenished by oxidizing water through the oxygen-evolving complex ...