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Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God [1] and that Muhammad is His last Messenger. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Islam.
In Arabic, Islam (Arabic: إسلام, lit. 'submission [to God]') [13] [14] [15] is the verbal noun of Form IV originating from the verb سلم (salama), from the triliteral root س-ل-م (), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of submission, safeness, and peace. [16]
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
Terms associated with right-doing in Islam include: Akhlaq (Arabic: أخلاق) is the practice of virtue, morality and manners in Islamic theology and falsafah ().The science of ethics (`Ilm al-Akhlaq) teaches that through practice and conscious effort man can surpass their natural dispositions and natural state to become more ethical and well mannered.
In his essay Islam Through Western Eyes, the cultural critic Edward Said suggests that the Western view of Islam is particularly hostile for a range of religious, psychological and political reasons, all deriving from a sense "that so far as the West is concerned, Islam represents not only a formidable competitor but also a late-coming ...
Arabia united under Muhammad (7th century CE) according to traditional accounts Islamic studies do not reveal a specific Islamic religious identity and political attitude with sharp boundaries for early period; [15] The Rāshidūn caliphs used Sasanian symbols (Star and crescent, Fire temple, depictions of the last emperor Khosrow II) by adding the Arabic bismillāh on their coins. [16]
By the end of the Islamic Golden Age, however, the Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed. Islamic political philosophy, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of Islam, i.e. the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the words and practices of Muhammad.
Some topics are without precedent in Islam's early period. In those cases, Muslim jurists ( Fuqaha ) try to arrive at conclusions by other means. Sunni jurists use historical consensus of the community ( Ijma ); a majority in the modern era also use analogy ( Qiyas ) and weigh the harms and benefits of new topics ( Istislah ), and a plurality ...