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2. Affirmation and negation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation

   In linguistics and grammar, affirmation (abbreviated AFF) and negation (NEG) are ways in which grammar encodes positive and negative polarity into verb phrases, clauses, or utterances. An affirmative (positive) form is used to express the validity or truth of a basic assertion, while a negative form expresses its falsity.

3. Opposite - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym

   The term antonym (and the related antonymy) is commonly taken to be synonymous with opposite, but antonym also has other more restricted meanings. Graded (or gradable) antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite and which lie on a continuous spectrum (hot, cold).

4. Polarity item - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarity_item

   An affirmation is a positive polarity item, abbreviated PPI or AFF. A negation is a negative polarity item , abbreviated NPI or NEG . The linguistic environment in which a polarity item appears is a licensing context .

5. English grammar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammar

   The first published English grammar was a Pamphlet for Grammar of 1586, written by William Bullokar with the stated goal of demonstrating that English was just as rule-based as Latin. Bullokar's grammar was faithfully modeled on William Lily's Latin grammar, Rudimenta Grammatices (1534), used in English schools at that time, having been ...

6. Contronym - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contronym

   Hindi: कल and Urdu: کل (kal) may mean either "yesterday" or "tomorrow" (disambiguated by the verb in the sentence).; Icelandic: fram eftir can mean "toward the sea" or "away from the sea" depending on dialect.

7. Converse (semantics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(semantics)

   In linguistics, converses or relational antonyms are pairs of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view, such as parent/child or borrow/lend. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The relationship between such words is called a converse relation . [ 2 ]

8. Double negative - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_negative

   Robert Lowth stated in his grammar textbook A Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) that "two negatives in English destroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirmative". [19] Grammarians have assumed that Latin was the model for Lowth and other early grammarians in prescribing against negative concord, as Latin does not feature it.

9. Unpaired word - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaired_word

   Inert is from Latin iners, meaning "without skill". The corresponding Latin antonym, ars, is the source of English art, which is not an antonym of inert. Inflammable Flammable Synonym. From Latin flammare meaning "to catch fire". Inflammable is from Latin inflammare meaning "to cause to catch fire". Antonym is nonflammable. [4] Innocent Nocent ...