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The Urdu ghazal makes use of a store of common characters, settings, images, and metaphors that inform both readers and poets of how to navigate the aforementioned ghazal universe. [33] These tropes have been cultivated for hundreds of years and are meant to deeply resonate with listeners of the ghazal, invoking their expectations of meaning. [33]
The word ghazal originates from the Arabic word غزل (ġazal). This genre of Arabic poetry is derived from غَزَل (ḡazal) or غَزِلَ (ḡazila) - To sweet-talk, to flirt, to display amorous gestures. [6] The Arabic word غزل ġazal is pronounced . In English, the word is pronounced / ˈ ɡ ʌ z əl / [7] or / ˈ ɡ æ z æ l /. [8]
The traditional convention in identifying Urdu poets is to mention the takhallus at the end of the name. The word takhallus [5] is derived from Arabic, meaning "ending". This is because in the Ghazal form, the poet would usually incorporate his or her pen name into the final couplet (Arabic: مقطع, romanized: maqta') of each poem.
In Persian, Turkic, and Urdu ghazals, the radīf (from Arabic رديف; Persian: ردیف; Azerbaijani: rədif; Turkish: redif; Urdu: ردیف; Uzbek: radif) is the word which must end each line of the first couplet and the second line of all the following couplets. [a] It is preceded by a qafiya, which is the actual rhyme of the ghazal. [1] [2 ...
In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the matla ' (from Arabic مطلع maṭlaʿ; Persian: مطلع; Azerbaijani: mətlə; Turkish: matla; Uzbek: matla; Urdu: مطلع) is the first bayt, or couplet, of a ghazal. [1] [2] In this sense, it is the opposite of the maqta'.
For example, the word jaanisaar can be broken down into four syllables: jaa, ni, saa and r. [5] The weight of jaa is 2, ni is 1, saa is 2 and r is 1, thus making the weight of the word jaanisaar 2121. [6] Rekhta has developed a free online tool (Rekhta Taqti) that can be used to identify the bahr of any given ghazal or sher. [5]
In Persian, Turkic, and Urdu ghazals, the qāfiya (from Arabic قافية qāfiya, lit. ' rhyme '; Persian: قافیہ; Azerbaijani: qafiyə; Urdu: قافیہ; Uzbek: qofiya) is the rhyming pattern of words that must directly precede the radif. [1] [2] The qāfiya is the actual rhyme of the ghazal. [3]
While ghazal originated in Arabia evolving from qasida, some of the common features of contemporary ghazal, such as including the takhallus in the maqta ', the concept of matla', etc., did not exist in Arabic ghazal. It was Persian ghazal which added these features. [5]