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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 5 February 2025. This article is about the human urinary system. For urinary systems of other vertebrates, see Urinary systems of birds, urinary systems of reptiles, and urinary systems of amphibians. Anatomical system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra Urinary system 1 ...
The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by Galen in the second century AD. [ 31 ] The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was Hampton Young in 1929. [ 30 ]
Nephrology is the medical specialty which addresses diseases of kidney function: these include CKD, nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, acute kidney injury, and pyelonephritis. Urology addresses diseases of kidney (and urinary tract) anatomy: these include cancer, renal cysts, kidney stones and ureteral stones, and urinary tract obstruction. [7]
Urinary excretion rate = Filtration rate – Reabsorption rate + Secretion rate [1] Although the strictest sense of the word excretion with respect to the urinary system is urination itself, renal clearance is also conventionally called excretion (for example, in the set term fractional excretion of sodium ).
The urinary bladder is formed partly from the endodermal cloaca and partly from the ends of the Wolffian ducts. In other words, the allantois takes no share in its formation. After the separation of the rectum from the dorsal part of the cloaca, the ventral part becomes the primary urogenital sinus . [ 2 ]
The urethra (pl.: urethras or urethrae) is the tube that connects the urinary bladder to the urinary meatus, [1] [2] through which placental mammals urinate and ejaculate. [3] In non-mammalian vertebrates, the urethra also transports semen but is separate from the urinary tract.
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Like the bony pelvis, the renal pelvis (/ ˈ r iː n əl ˈ p ɛ l v ɪ s /) gets its English name via Neo-Latin from the older Latin word pelvis, "basin", as in "wash basin". [4] In both cases the name reflects the shape of the structure, and in the case of the renal pelvis, it also reflects the function.