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The Four-Way Test of the things we think, say or do is a test used by Rotarians world-wide as a moral code for personal and business relationships. The test can be applied to almost any aspect of life. [ 1 ]
According to social psychologist Milton Rokeach, human values are defined as “core conceptions of the desirable within every individual and society. They serve as standards or criteria to guide not only action but also judgment, choice, attitude, evaluation, argument, exhortation, rationalization, and…attribution of causality.” [6] In his 1973 publication, Rokeach also stated that the ...
Subsequent steps emphasize rigorous honesty, including the completion of a "searching and fearless moral inventory," acknowledgment of "character defects," sharing the inventory with a trusted person, making amends to individuals harmed, and engaging in regular prayer or meditation to seek "conscious contact with God" and guidance in following ...
They found that a four factor model (Interpersonal Strengths, Vitality, Fortitude, and Cautiousness) explained 60% of the variance. One large, overarching factor explained 50% of the variance. The four factors found by Brdar and Kashdan are similar to the four factors found by Macdonald and colleagues. [15]
James Rest was an American psychologist specializing in moral psychology and development. Together with his Minnesota Group of colleagues, including Darcia Narvaez, Muriel Bebeau, and Stephen Thoma, Rest extended Kohlberg's approach to researching moral reasoning.
Potter was a theologian when he developed this moral reasoning framework. The Potter Box uses four dimensions of moral analysis to help in situations where ethical dilemmas occur: Facts, Values, Principles, and Loyalties as described below. The Potter Box consists of a few simple steps, which can be completed in any order.
We made a moral inventory of our defects or sins. We confessed or shared our shortcomings with another person in confidence. We made restitution to all those we had harmed. We tried to help other alcoholics, with no thought of reward in money or prestige. We prayed to whatever God we thought there was for power to practice these precepts.
Grover believed members of twelve-step programs shared the same underlying neuroses caused by self-centeredness, [5] a view expressed in other twelve-step programs. [7] Grover went as far as to say, "All of us are, indeed, brothers, and the variations in detail are no more than if one of us likes chocolate ice cream, and the other likes vanilla ...