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The remaining bacteria listed do not form endospores. [5] Several species of the Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, and Rhodococcus genera are examples of obligate anaerobe found in soil. [10] Obligate anaerobes are also found in the digestive tracts of humans and other animals as well as in the first stomach of ruminants. [11]
Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria. Bacteroides species are non endospore–forming bacilli, and may be either motile or nonmotile, depending on the species. [3] The DNA base composition is 40–48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids.
[5] [6] Two examples of obligate anaerobes are Clostridium botulinum and the bacteria which live near hydrothermal vents on the deep-sea ocean floor. Aerotolerant organisms, which cannot use oxygen for growth, but tolerate its presence. [7] Facultative anaerobes, which can grow without oxygen but use oxygen if it is present. [7]
A unique obligate aerobe is Streptomyces coelicolor which is gram-positive, soil-dwelling, and belongs to the phylum Actinomycetota. [7] It is unique because the genome of this obligate aerobe encodes numerous enzymes with functions that are usually attributed to anaerobic metabolism in facultatively and strictly anaerobic bacteria. [7]
Anaerobic bacteria can be divided into strict anaerobes that can not grow in the presence of more than 0.5% oxygen and moderate anaerobic bacteria that are able of growing between 2 and 8% oxygen. [1] Anaerobic bacteria usually do not possess catalase, but some can generate superoxide dismutase which protects them from oxygen.
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. [2] [3] Until 2020, the genus Lactobacillus comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species; a taxonomic revision of the genus assigned lactobacilli to 25 genera (see § Taxonomy below).
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacterium and a prominent member of the human gut microbiota, particularly within the large intestine.B. thetaiotaomicron belongs to the Bacteroides genus – a group that is known for its role in the complex microbial community of the gut microbiota.
Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic, Gram-negative, pleomorphic to rod-shaped bacterium. It is part of the normal microbiota of the human colon and is generally commensal , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] but can cause infection if displaced into the bloodstream or surrounding tissue following surgery, disease, or trauma.