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Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.
Glass types that melt at comparatively high temperature, such as borosilicate glasses, use chlorides, such as NaCl, having a sufficiently high vapour pressure at refining temperatures. Alkali-free glasses with high melting temperature, such as LC display glasses, use tin oxide, SnO 2. In the following cooling process gases from bubbles are ...
Glass could be added to the mould either by frit casting, where the mould was filled with chips of glass (called frit) and then heated to melt the glass, or by pouring molten glass into the mould. [1] Evidence from Pompeii suggests that molten hot glass may have been introduced as early as the mid-1st century CE. [1]
Glass Furnace by Siemens hist. 1878 Siemens Regenerator Furnace hist. 1885 in 4 Views. A glass melting furnace is designed to melt raw materials into glass. [1] Depending on the intended use, there are various designs of glass melting furnaces available. [2] [3] [4] They use different power sources. These sources are mainly fossil fueled or by ...
The batching matrix B indicates the relation of the molarity in the batch (columns) and in the glass (rows). For example, the batch component SiO 2 adds 1 mol SiO 2 to the glass, therefore, the intersection of the first column and row shows "1". Trona adds 1.5 mol Na 2 O to the glass; albite adds 6 mol SiO 2, 1 mol Na 2 O, and 1 mol Al 2 O 3 ...
Dealkalizing glass containers is accomplished by exposing the glass surface to reactive sulfur- or fluorine-containing compounds during the manufacturing process. A rapid ion-exchange reaction proceeds that depletes the inside surface of alkali, and is performed when the glass is at high temperature, usually on the order of 500–650 °C or ...
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The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the raw materials, which are the silica, soda (Na 2 O), hydrated lime (Ca(OH) 2), dolomite (CaMg(CO 3) 2, which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of fining agents (e.g., sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4), sodium chloride (NaCl), etc.) in a glass furnace at temperatures locally up to 1675 ...